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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (), sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English (7 March 1850 – 14 September 1937), was a Czechoslovak politician, sociologist and philosopher, who as an eager advocate of Czechoslovak independence during World War I became the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia. He originally wished to reform the Austro-Hungarian monarchy into a democratic federal state, but during the First World War he began to favour the abolition of the monarchy and, with the help of the Allied Powers, eventually succeeded. ==Early life and education== Masaryk was born to a poor working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of Hodonín, Moravia (in the region of Moravian Slovakia, today in the Czech Republic).〔Then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now in the Czech Republic.〕 He grew up in the village of Čejkovice, in South Moravia, later moving to Brno to study.〔Čapek, Karel. 1995 (). ''Talks with T.G. Masaryk'', tr. Michael Henry Heim. North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, p. 77.〕 His father Jozef Masaryk (Masárik), an illiterate carter (later steward), was a Slovak from the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary (after 1918 became the eastern province of Slovakia in Czechoslovakia), his mother Teresie Masaryková (née Kropáčková) was a Moravian of Slavic origin but with German education. They married on 15 August 1849. "After grammar school in Brno and Vienna," from 1872-1876 Masaryk attended the University of Vienna, where he was a student of Franz Brentano.〔Zumr, Joseph. 1998. "Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850-1937)". Pp. 165-166 in the ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ed. Edward Craig. London: Routledge.〕 He received his Ph.D. at the University of Vienna in 1876, and completed his habilitation thesis at the same university in 1879. The thesis was entitled ''Der Selbstmord als sociale Massenerscheinung der modernen Civilisation'' ("Suicide as a Social Mass Phenomenon of Modern Civilization").〔 Between 1876 and 1879, he studied in Leipzig (with Wilhelm Wundt). Meanwhile, on 15 March 1878, he married Charlotte Garrigue in Brooklyn. In 1882, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy in the Czech part of Charles University of Prague. The following year he founded ''Athenaeum'', a magazine devoted to Czech culture and science. Athenaeum issued in October 15, 1883 (editor was Jan Otto). He challenged the validity of the epic poems ''Rukopisy královedvorský a zelenohorský'', supposedly dating from the early Middle Ages, and providing a false nationalistic basis of Czech chauvinism to which he was continuously opposed. Further enraging Czech sentiment, he fought against the old superstition of Jewish blood libel during the Hilsner Trial of 1899. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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